September
2000
Keith Smillie
Deartment of Computing Science
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1
smillie@cs.ualberta.ca
This HTML has been created from an MS Word document with minimal hand-editing. In some cases the formatting has failed during the conversion.
Table of Contents
|
Word Order |
|
Giving and receiving |
No
claim is made for either originality or completeness in these notes. Most of
the examples have been taken from, or have been suggested by, the references
given at the end. The topics chosen are those which may benefit a person who is
beginning to study Japanese and who would like a quick reference to supplement
more complete and authoritative sources.
Japanese is a Subject-Object-Verb language
as compared with English which is a Subject-Verb-Object language.
トラコはねこです。
Torako wa neko
desu.
Torako is a cat. (Literally, "Torako as for cat is.")
トラコがねずみを見ました。
Torako ga nezumi
o mimashita.
Torako saw a mouse (Literally, "Torako [subject] mouse [object]
saw.")
A sentence is made into a question by
placing the particle ka at the end.
トラコがねずみを見ましたか。
Torako ga nezumi
o mimashita ka.
Did Torako see a mouse?
Nouns
Japanese nouns do not have gender, they
may not be modified by definite or indefinite articles because none exist in
Japanese, and the singular and plural forms are usually the same. In romaji the
names of persons and places are capitalized as are the names of languages
except English (eigo).
hon (本) book, books, a book, the book, the
books
For nouns referring to people, the suffix -tachi may be used to indicate the
plural.
子供［こども］
kodomo child, children
子供達［こどもたち］
kodomotachi children
田中さん達。
Tanaka san tachi Mr. Tanaka and his family or others
Japanese give the family name first
followed by the given name.
田中広見 Tanaka
Hiromi ←→
Hiromi Tanaka
The suffix -ya means the store where the objects are sold or the person who
sells them. The suffix -ka means a
person who is is an expert or specialist in the designated subject.
花
［はな］ 花屋［はなや］
hana flower hanaya flower shop, florist
肉 ［にく］ 肉屋［にくや］
niku meat nikuya butcher shop, butcher
小説［しょうせつ］ 小説家［しょうせつか］
shousetsu novel shousetsuka novelist
When referring to a clerk or shopkeeper,
the honorific san is used.
本屋さん
honya san bookstore clerk, bookseller
Two nouns used together as a compound noun
are joined by the particle no.
日本語のクラス [にほんごのクラス]
nihongo no
kurasu Japanese
language class
アパートのビル
apato no biru apartment building
Pronouns
|
watashi I,
me |
|
watashitachi we,
us |
Avoid using anata whenever possible, and use the person's name with san instead. Similarly, when referring
to a third person, use the person's name.
スミツさんは映画を見ましたか
Sumitsu san wa
eiga o mimashita ka.
Did you (Mr. Smith) see the movie?
田中さんは何を買いましたか。
Tanaka san wa nani o kaimashita ka.
What did she (Mrs. Tanaka) buy?
The indefinite pronouns are the following:
誰か［だれか］ dareka someone 誰も
daremo no one
どれか doreka something どれも
doremo nothing
どこか dokoka somewhere どこも dokomo nowhere
何か［なにか］ nanika something 何も nanimo nothing
幾らか［いくらか］ ikuraka some, a little 幾らも ikuramo not much
幾つか［いくつか] ikutsuka some 幾つも
ikutsumo many
なんでも nandemo anything なにも
nanimo nothing
The negative indefinite pronouns take a
negative verb.
誰か来ました。
Dareka
kimashita.
Someone came.
誰も来ませんでした
Daremo kimasen
deshita. No one came.
The one reflexive pronoun is jibun (myself, yourself, etc.).
自分で働きます。
Jibun de
hatarakimasu. I am working by myself.
There are no relative pronouns in
Japanese, and the relative clause precedes the word it modifies.
あそこに座っている若い女性は娘です。
Asoko ni suwatte
iru wakai josei wa musume desu.
That young lady sitting over there is my daughter.
Demonstratives
and Interrogatives
The demonstrative and iterrogative words,
which are either pronouns, adjectives or adverbs, may be divided into four
groups depending on the prefix:
ko- Something near the speaker.
so- Something nearer the listener than the
speaker.
a- Something at a distance from
both speaker and listener.
do- Question
|
これ |
それ |
あれ |
こちら |
そちら |
あちら |
どちら |
|
kore |
sore |
are |
kochira |
sochira |
achira |
dochira |
|
this
one |
that
one |
that
one |
this
way |
that
way |
that
way |
which
way |
|
どれ |
この |
その |
こんな |
そんな |
あんな |
どんな |
|
dore |
kono |
sono |
konna |
sonna |
anna |
donna |
|
which |
this |
That |
this
kind of |
that
kind of |
that
kind of |
which
kind |
|
あの |
どの |
ここ |
|
|
|
|
|
ano |
dono |
koko |
こう |
そう |
ああ |
どう |
|
that |
which |
here |
kou |
sou |
aa |
dou |
|
そこ |
あそこ |
どこ |
in
this manner |
in
that manner |
in
that manner |
in
which manner |
|
soko |
asoko |
doko |
|
|
|
|
|
there |
over
there |
where |
|
|
|
|
Other interrogative pronouns are the
following:
誰［だれ］ dare who
どなた donata
who
(polite)
どちらさま dochirasama
who
(very polite)
なん、何［なに］ nan,
nani what
何人 ［なんにん］ nannin
how
many people
幾ら ［いくら］ ikura
how
much
幾つ［いくつ］ ikutsu
how
many
いつ itsu
when
どうして、なぜ doushite,
naze why?
どうやって、 どのように douyatte,
donoyouni how?
どのような donoyouna which
kind of?
どのくらい donokurai how
long?
Particles
wa ［は］ Topic
陽子さんは大学院の学生です。
Youko san wa
daigakuin no gakusei desu.
Youko is a graduate
student. (Literally, "As for Youko, she is a graduate student.")
ga ［が］Subject
私はすしが好きです。
Watashi wa sushi
ga suki desu.
I like sushi. (Literally, As for me, sushi is likeable.")
o ［を］Direct object
トラコは小鳥をみています。
Torako wa kotori
o mite imasu.
Torako is looking at the bird
no [の]
Possession, noun modification,
apposition
シモンは娘の猫です。
Simon wa
musume no neko desu.
Simon is my daughter's cat.
日本の食べ物は美味しいです。
Nihon no
tabemono wa oishii desu.
Japanese food is delicious.
友達の田中さんは先生です。
Tomodachi no
Tanaka san wa sensei desu.
My friend Mr. Tanaka is a teacher.
ni [に]
object, location, direction, specific
time
私は田中さんに本を貸しました。
Watashi wa
Tanaka san ni hon o kasimashita.
I loaned Mr. Tanaka a book.
ひろみさんは東京にいます。
Hiromi san wa
Toukyou ni imasu.
Hiromi is in Tokyo.
昨日私は早くうちに帰りました。
Kinou watashi wa
hayaku uchi ni kaerimashita.
Yesterday I went home early.
gogo juuji ni
at 10 p.m.
nichiyoubi ni
on Sunday
shichigatsu ni
in July
1998 nen ni
in 1998
|
午後十時に |
ごごじゅうじに |
gogo juuji ni |
at 10 PM |
|
日曜日に |
にちじょうびに |
nichiyoubi ni |
on Sunday |
|
七月に |
なながつに |
nanagatsu ni |
in july |
|
２００１年に |
にせんえんいちに |
nisen'en-ichi ni |
in the year 2001 |
de [で]
Place of action, means, total,
material
私は本屋で本を三冊買いました。
Watashi wa
honya de hon o sansatsu kaimashita.
I bought three books at the bookstore.
田中さんはバスで会社に行ます。
Tanaka san wa
basu de kaisha ni ikimasu.
Mr. Tanaka goes to the office by bus.
明日映画に二人で行ます。
Ashita eiga
ni futari de ikimasu.
Tomorrow the two of us are going to a movie.
テーブルは木でできています。
Teeburu wa ki de
dekite imasu.
The table is made of wood.
e [へ] Direction
日本へ行ますか。
Nihon e ikimasu
ka.
Are you going to Japan?
kara [から] (Origin, starting time
あの人は日本から来ました。
Ano hito wa
Nihon kara kimashita.
He is from Japan.
デパートは十時からです。
Depaato wa juuji kara desu.
The department store opens at 10:00 o'clock.
made [まで]
Target time
デパートは六時までです。
Depaato wa rokuji made desu.
The department store closes at 6:00 o'clock.
デパートは10時から6時までです。
Depaato wa juuji kara rokuji
made desu.
The department store is open from 10:00 o'clock until 6:00 o'clock.
mo [も]
Also, both ... and, neither ... nor
私はお茶が好きです。コーヒイーもすきです。
Watashi wa
ocha ga suki desu. Kohii mo suki desu.
I like tea. I also like coffee.
お茶もコーヒーも飲みます。
Ocha mo kohii
mo nomimasu.
I drink both tea and coffee.
お茶もコーヒーも飲みません。
Ocha mo kohii mo
nomimasen.
I drink neither tea nor coffee.
to [と] Complete listing (and), involvement
その学生はペンと鉛筆をもっています。
Sono gakusei
wa pen to enpitsu o motte imasu.
That student has a pen and a pencil.
私はよく友達と昼ご飯を食べます。
Watashi wa yoku
tomodachi to hirugohan o tabemasu.
I often have lunch with my friends.
ya [や]
Partial listing (and)
私達は京都や大阪などへ行ました。
Watashitachi wa
Kyouto
ya Ousaka
(nado) e ikimashita.
We went to Kyoto, Osaka, etc.
ga [が]
but
田中さんは来ますが、わたなべさんは来ません。
Tanaka san wa
kimasu ga, Watanabe san wa kimasen.
Mr. Tanaka is coming, but Mr. Watanabe isn't.
ka [か]
Enumeration (or)
お茶かコーヒーいかがですか。
Ocha ka kouhii ikaga desu ka.
How about tea or coffee?
kara [から、ので] Reason
忙しいから、映画に行ませんでした。
Isogashii kara,
eiga ni ikimasen deshita.
Because I was busy, I didn't go to the movie.
nagara [ながら] Simultaneous action
歩きながら、問題について考えました。
Aruki nagara,
mondai ni tsuite kangaemashita.
While walking, I thought about the problem.
ka [か] Question marker
Gakusei desu ka.
Are you a student?
ne [ね/ねぇ]
Confirmation
学生ですね。
Gakusei desu ne.
You are a student, aren't you?
yo [よ] Emphasis
学生ですよ。
Gakusei desu yo.
So you're a student!
Verbs
Introduction
Japanese
verbs do not have different forms for person, number or gender. Verbs are
listed in what is known as the "dictionary" or "plain"
form. All Japanese verbs, except for two irregular verbs, can be divided into
two groups or conjugations which differ only in the way in which they form
their stems and infinitives. The stem may change or have a suffix added to show
tense, mood and politeness.
Type
I or Group 1 verbs are all verbs whose dictionary form does not end in -eru or -iru, together with a few which have these endings. The stem is
formed by dropping the final -u; the
infinitive is formed by adding -i to
the stem. Type I verbs are also called consonant or c-stem verbs or u-stem or u-dropping verbs.
Dictionary Stem Infinitive Meaning
書く［かく] kaku kak- kaki- to
write
行く［いく] iku ik- iki- to
go
読む［よむ] yomu yom- yomi- to
read
待つ［まつ] matsu mat- machi- to
wait
話す［はなす] hanasu hanas- hanashi
to
speak
思う［おもう］ omou omo- omoi- to
think, to believe
Verbs
ending in -au, -iu and -ou are
considered to be c-stem verbs as they formerly ended in -awa, -iwa and -owa, respectively.
Type
II or Group 2 verbs, a much smaller group than the first, are most of the verbs
which end in -eru or -iru in the dictionary form. The stem
is formed by dropping the final -ru;
the infinitive is the same as the stem. Type II verbs are also called vowel or
v-stem verbs or ru-dropping verbs.
Dictionary Stem Infinitive Meaning
始める［はじめる］ hajimeru hajime- hajime- to begin
見る ［みる］ miru mi- mi- to
look, see
食べる［たべる］ taberu tabe- tabe- to
eat
The
two irregular verbs, sometimes known as Type III or Group 3 verbs, are kuru and suru.
Dictionary
Stem Infinitive Meaning
来る kuru ki- ki- to
come
する suru shi- shi- to
do
Present and past
polite forms
To
form the present polite form add -masu
to the infinitive for the positive and -masen
for the negative. For the past polite form add -mashita to the infinitive for the positive and -masen deshita for the negative.
ときどき映画を見ます。
Tokidoki eiga o mimasu.
I
sometimes watch movies.
たかはしさんは魚を食べません。
Takahashi san wa sakana o tabemasen.
Ms.
Takahashi doesn't eat fish.
毎日漢字の勉強をしましたが、すぐ忘れました。
Mainichi kanji
no benkyou
o shimashita ga, sugu wasuremashita.
I studied kanji every day, but I soon forgot them.
一時間待ましたが、友達は来ませんでした。
Ichi-jikan machimashita ga, tomodachi wa
kimasen deshita.
I waited an hour, but my friend didn't come.
Expressing
"to be"
The
meaning "is" or "are" may be expressed by the copula desu, and by the verbs arimasu and imasu. The copula desu
is used when one thing is, or equals, another; arimasu refers to the existence of inanimate objects (including
plants, which don't move about); and imasu
refers to the existence of animate objects. The negative of desu is dewa arimasen or ja arimasen
or dewa nai desu or ja nai desu.
When describing the location of something, ni
arimasu can often be replaced by desu.
The verb arimasu can often be translated
as "there is", "are" or "have".
ここは横浜駅です。
Koko wa Yokahama eki desu.
This
is Yokahama station.
喫茶店は銀行と郵便局の間にあります。
Kissaten wa ginkou to Yuubinkyoku no aida
ni arimasu.
The coffee shop is between the bank and the post office.
わたなべさんはどこにいますか。
Watanabe san wa
doko ni imasu ka.
Where's Mr. Watanabe?
銀行はどこにありますか。
Ginkou wa doko ni
arimasu ka.
Where's
the bank?
アメリカ人ではありません。イギリス人です。
Amerikajin dewa
arimasen. Igirisujin desu.
I'm not American. I'm English.
In
situations demanding a high degree of courtesy, e.g., a sales clerk in a
department store talking to a customer, the speaker is likely to use the formal
and humble gozaimasu instead of arimasu and irasshaimasu instead of iru.
このホテルには、ファックスがありますか。はい、ございます。
Kono hoteru ni wa, fakkusu ga arimasu ka.
Hai, gozaimasu.
Do
you have a fax in this hotel? Yes, we do.
すみません、このセーターはいくらですか。それは９０００円でございます。
Sumimasen, kono seetaa wa ikura desu ka. Sore wa kyuu-sen en de gozaimasu.
Excuse
me, how much is this sweater? It's \9,000.
もしもし、田中さんはいらっしゃいますか。
Moshi, moshi.
Tanaka san wa irasshaimasu ka.
Hello. Is Mr. Tanaka there?
Uses of deshou
The
word deshou, which
comes from desu, when used in a
question followed by ka, is the
equivalent of "I wonder...". When used with a rising intonation, it
is asking for agreement so it is similar to ne but softer and less direct. Used
with a falling intonation, the sentence is often translated using
"probably", "must be" or "almost certainly". Also
deshou may be
used in place of desu for extra politeness.
これは何ですか。これは何でしょうか。
Kore wa nan desu ka. Kore wa nan deshou ka.
What's
this? I wonder what this is?
あれはわたなべさんのうちでしょう。
Are wa Watanabe san no uchi deshou. [Rising intonation]
That's
Mr. Watanabe's house, right?
北海道は今寒いでしょう。
Hokkaidou wa ima samui
deshou. [Falling
intonation]
It's
probably cold in Hokkaido now.
すみませんが、田中さんでしょうか。
Sumimasen ga,
Tanaka san deshou
ka.
Excuse me, but would you be Mr. Tanaka?
Present and past
plain forms
The
plain form of verbs are used with immediate family and close friends and associates.
The polite forms are more appropriate for general use. However, the plain forms
function in various ways in a sentence other than as the main verb and so must
be learned.
The
plain form of the present tense is the dictionary form. For the negative add -nai to the stem for v-stem verbs, and -anai for c-stem verbs except for those
verbs ending in -au, -iu and -ou where -wanai is
added. The plain negatives of kuru
and suru are konai and shinai,
respectively. Also the plain negative of aru
is nai.
ときどき映画を見る。
Tokidoki eiga o miru.
I
sometimes watch movies.
たかはしさんは魚を食べない。
Takahashi san wa
sakana o tabenai.
Ms. Takahashi doesn't eat fish.
答はないでしょう。
Kotae wa nai
deshou.
There isn't an answer, is there?
To
form the plain past tense for v-stem verbs add -ta to the stem. For c-stem verbs use the appropriate change in the
following list:
- su => - shita 話す hanasu 話した hanashita
talked
- ku => - ita 聞く kiku
聞いた kiita
asked
- gu => - ida 泳ぐ oyogu 泳いだ oyoida
swam
- ru => - tta 塗る nuru
塗った nutta
painted
- tsu => - tta 持つ motsu
持った motta
held
- u => - tta 思う omou 思った omotta
thought
- bu => - nda 飛ぶ tobu
飛んだ tonda
flew
- mu => - nda 飲む nomu
飲んだ nonda
drank
- nu => - nda 死ぬ shinu
死んだ shinda
died
The
plain past tense of kuru and suru are kita and shita,
respectively.
To
form the negative of the plain past tense, add -nakatta to the stem of v-stem verbs and -anakatta to the stem of c-stem verbs.
yomu yomanakatta didn't read
食べる 食べなかった
taberu tabenakatta didn't
eat
読む 読まなかった
yomu yomanakatta didn't
read
As
long as the verb at the end of a sentence is in the polite form, any verbs in
the middle can be in the plain form without affecting the overall tone. This
means that the plain form can be used when sentences are joined with kedo, for example, or when they finish
with deshou.
体育の先生はいい人だけと、ちょっと変ですね。
Taiiku no sensei wa ii hito da kedo,
chotto hen desu ne.
The
physical education teacher is nice, but he's a bit strange, isn't he!
たかはしさんは英語がわかるでしょうか。
Takahashi san wa eigo ga wakaru deshou ka.
I
wonder if Ms. Takahashi understands English?
兄は行かないけど、私は行ます。
Ani wa ikanai
kedo, watashi wa ikimasu.
My older brother is not coming, but I am.
今日は金曜日だと思ったけど、違いますね。
Kyou wa kinyoubi da to omotta
kedo, chigaimasu ne.
I thought it was Friday today, but it isn't, is it!
To
give a reason for something, use either kara
after the plain form of the verb or an -i
adjective.
新幹線で行ったから、時間があまりかかりませんでした。
Shinkansen de
itta kara, jikan ga amari kakarimasen deshita.
We went by Shinkansen, so it didn't take very long.
質問がまだ多いから、もう一度説明しましょう。
Shitsumon ga
mada oui
kara, mou
ichido setsumei shimashou.
There are still a lot of questions, so let me explain again.
To
express an opinion, use the phrase to
omoimasu at the end of a sentence and put all verbs in the plain form. To
express what someone else is thinking, use omotte
imasu. The verb kangaeru also
means "to think" but implies "to consider" whereas omou implies opinion or feeling.
たかはしさんはきません。たかはしさんは来ないと思います。
Takahashi san wa kimasen. Takahashi san wa
konai to omoimasu.
Ms.
Takahashi is not coming. I don't think Ms. Takahashi is coming.
マイクさんは日本はいい国だと思っています。
Maiku san wa, Nihon wa ii kuni da to
omotte imasu.
Mike
thinks that Japan is a great country.
チームのことを考えていました。
Chiimu no koto o
kangaete imashita.
I was thinking about the team.
The
noun tsumori means
"intention", so the sentence ending tsumori desu after the plain form of the verb can usually be
translated as "intend to" or "mean to do".
それは問題ですね。どうする積もりですか。
Sore
wa mondai desu ne. Dou
suru tsumori desu ka.
That's a problem, isn't it? What do you intend to do?
どんな車を買う積もりですか。
Donna kuruma o
kau tsumori desu ka.
What kind of car do you intend to buy?
To
express being able to do something, add koto
ga dekimasu to the plain form of the verb. The plain past tense followed by
koto ga arimasu ka is equivalent to
"Have you ever ...".
マイクさんは漢字を書くことができますか。 （マイクさんは漢字を書けますか）
Maiku san wa kanji o kaku koto ga dekimasu
ka. (Maiku san wa kanji o
kakemasu ka.)
Mike,
can you write kanji characters?
日本語を話すことができますか。 (日本語が話せますか。)
Nihongo o hanasu koto ga dekimasu ka. (Nihongo ga hanasemasu ka.)
Can
you speak Japanese?
刺身を食べたことがありますか。
Sashimi o tabeta
koto ga arimasu ka.
Have you ever eaten raw fish?
A
sentence in the plain form ending in no
desu or n' desu indicates that
the speaker is explaining something, asking for an explanation, or giving
empahasis.
色々な問題がありますね。どうするんですか。
Iroirona mondai
ga arimasu ne. Dou
suru n' desu ka.
There are all sorts of problems, aren't there? What are you going to do?
何をしているんですか。
Nani o shite iru n' desu ka.
What
are you doing?
とても高いんですよ。だから買わないんです。
Totemo takai n'
desu yo. Dakara kawanai n' desu.
It's really expensive! That's why I'm not buying it
To
quote someone, follow the quotation by to
iimasu (or whatever tense and form is appropriate). To say what someone has
said without making a quotation, use to
iimasu but put what was said into the plain form. It's common to omit da when reporting on questions. The
verb iimasu may be used to ask how
to say something in English or Japanese.
マイクさんは「早く走ることができません」といいました。
Maiku san wa,
"Hayaku hashiru koto ga dekimasen," to iimashita.
Mike said, "I can't run fast".
マイクさんは「明日野球をします」といいました。
Maiku san wa, "Ashita yakyuu o shimasu," to iimashita.
Mike
said, "I'm playing baseball tomorrow".
マイクさんは明日野球をするといいました。
Maiku
san wa, ashita yakyuu
o suru to iimashita.
Mike said he's playing baseball tomorrow.
私はアメリカ人かと聞きました。
Watashi wa Amerikajin ka to kikimashita.
He
asked if I was American.
オートムン」は日本語で何と言いますか。「秋」と言います。
"Autumn" wa Nihongo de nan to
iimasu ka. "Aki" to iimasu.
How
do you say "autumn" in Japanese? It's "aki".
The gerund or
-te form
The
-te form of a verb which does not
have a tense or mood combines with other verb forms. It may be formed from the
plain past tense by changing the ending -ta
to -te.
When
the -te form is used to link two
sentences where it may be translated as "and", the verb at the end of
the sentence shows the overall tense of the sentence.
土曜日の朝に東京へ行ました。新しいスーツを書いました。
Doyoubi no asa ni
Toukyou e ikimashita.
Atarashii suutsu o kaimashita.
On Saturday morning I went to Tokyo. I bought a new suit.
土曜日の朝に東京へ行って、新しいスーツを書いました。
Doyoubi no asa ni Toukyou e itte,
atarashii suutsu
o kaimashita.
On Saturday morning I went to Tokyo, and bought a new suit.
To
ask permission to do something, add mo
ii desu ka to the -te form. To
ask if it's alright not to do something, change the negative -nai form to -nakute and then add mo ii
desu ka.
すみませんが、ここに座ってもいいですか。いいです。どうぞ。
Sumimasen ga, koko ni suwatte mo ii desu
ka. Ii desu. Douzo.
Excuse me, but is it alright if I sit here? Yes, please go ahead.
これを全部食べなくてもいいですか。はい（食べなくても）いいですよ。
Kore o zenbu
tabenakute mo ii desu ka. Hai, (tabenakute mo) ii desu yo.
Is it alright if I don't eat all of this? Yes, it's alright (if you don't eat
it).
The
same form may be used to give permission.
名前と住所を書かなくてもいいです。
Namae to juusho o kakanakute
mo ii desu.
It's alright not to write your name and address.
To
refuse permission, use the -te form
of the verb followed by wa ikemasen.
その部屋に入ってはいけません。
Sono heya ni
haitte wa ikemasen.
You musn't go into that room.
Progressive
tense
To
describe an event that is presently happening or not happening, use the
appropriate form of the verb iru or imasu after the -te form.
ともこさんはいまなにをしていますか。
Tomoko san wa ima nani o shite imasu ka.
What
is Tomoko doing at the moment?
その会社でもう働いていません。今銀行で働いています。
Sono kaisha de mou hataraite imasen. Ima ginkou de hataraite
imasu.
I
don't work at that company any more. Now I am working at a bank.
今英語を勉強していません。
Ima eigo o benkyou shite imasen.
I am not studying English now.
The
past progressive is formed by using the -te
formed followed by the past or the past negative.
トラコが椅子の上で寝ていました。
Torako ga isu no ue de nete imashita.
Torako
was sleeping on the chair.
昨日の晩私はテレビを見ていませんでした。
Kinou no ban watashi
wa terebi o mite imasen deshita.
I wasn't watching television last night.
Desiderative
form
To
express one's own wish to do something, add -tai to the infinitive followed by desu. Verbs ending in -tai
are like -i adjectives, and so have
a negative form ending in -taku arimasen
and a past form ending in -takatta desu.
To express a desire for a thing, use the -i
adjective hoshii.
お茶が飲みたい。
Ocha ga nomitai.
I
would like some tea.
昨日休みを取りたかったけど、大変忙しっくて、取ることができませんでした。
Kinou yasumi o
toritakatta kedo, taihen isogashikute, toru koto ga dekimasen deshita.
I
wanted to take yesterday off, but I couldn't because I was extremely busy.
彼女は、ボイフレンドがほしいといいました。
Kanojo wa, bouifurendo ga
hoshii to iimashita.
She said she wants a boyfriend.
Passive form
To
form the passive, add -rareru, raremasu to the stems of v-stem verbs,
and -areru, -aremasu to the stems of c-stem verbs. For the negative, add -rarenai, -raremasen to the stems of v-stem verbs, and -arenai, -aremasen to
the stems of c-stem verbs.
トラコはねずみを食べました。
Torako wa nezumi o tabemashita.
Torako
ate the mouse.
ねずみはトラコに食べられました。
Nezumi wa Torako ni taberaremashita.
The
mouse was eaten by Torako.
ねずみはトラコに食べられませんでした。
Nezumi wa Torako ni taberaremasen deshita.
The
mouse was not eaten by Torako.
トラコはねずと遊びました。
Torako wa nezumi to asobimashita.
Torako
played with the mouse.
ねずみはトラコに遊ばれました。
Nezumi wa Torako
ni asobaremashita.
The mouse was played with by Torako.
Causative form
Add
-saseru, -sasemasu to the stem of v-stem verbs (-sasenai, -sasemasen for
the negative), and add -aseru, -asemasu to the stem of c-stem verbs (-asenai, -asemasen for the negative).
トラコを台所のテーブルから下りさせました。
Torako o
daidokoro no teeberu
kara orisasemashita.
I made Torako get off the kitchen table.
Conditional form
Drop
the final -u from the plain form of
the verb and add -eba. To form the
negative, drop the -i from the
negative plain form and add -kereba.
With -i adjectives, drop the final -i and add -kereba; with negatives, drop the final -i from nai and add -kereba.
もしできれば、今年外国へ行たいんです。
Moshi dekireba, kotoshi gaikoku e ikitai
n' desu.
If
I can, I want to go abroad this year.
辞書を使わなければ、この日本語の宿題ができません。
Jisho o tsukawanakereba, kono Nihongo no
shukudai ga dekimasen.
If I don't use a dictionary, I can't do this Japanese homework.
明日天気がよければ、どこかへ行ましょうか。
Ashita tenki ga yokereba, dokoka e ikimashou ka.
If
the weather's nice tomorrow, shall we go somewhere?
高くなければ、書います。
Takaku nakereba,
kaimasu.
If it's not too expensive, I'll buy it.
The
expression -nakereba narimasen, where
naru is the verb "to
become", means literally "if you don't..., it's no good" or in
other words "you must" or "you have to". The negative
"don't have to ..." is expressed with -nakute mo ii desu.
自己紹介は日本語でなかればなりません。
Jiko
shoukai
wa Nihongo de nakereba narimasen.
Your self-introduction must be in Japanese.
今日終らなくてもいいです。
Kyou owaranakute mo
ii desu.
You don't have to finish it today.
Giving and
receiving
There
are several verbs to expressing giving and receiving depending on the relative
status of the giver and receiver and the diection of the action:
ageru Give
sashiageru Give to
superiors
yaru Give (informal)
kureru Give to speaker
kudasaru Give to speaker
from superior
morau Receive
itadaku Receive from
superiors
上げる ageru Give
差し上げる sashiageru Give to superiors
やる yaru dar (informal, give to animals)
くれる kureru Give to speaker
下さる kudasaru Give to speaker from superior
もらう morau Receive
いただく itadaku Receive from superiors
私はヒューさんに本を上げました。
Watashi wa Hyu-san ni hon o agemashita.
I
gave Hugh a book.
私は先生に本を差し上げました。
Watashi wa sensei ni hon o
sashiagemashita.
I
gave the teacher a book.
私はトラコにおもちゃをやりました。
Watashi wa Torako ni omocha o yarimashita.
I
gave Torako the toy.
ヒューさんは私に本をくれました。
Hyu-san wa watashi ni
hon o kuremashita.
Hugh gave me the book.
先生は私に本を下さいました。
Sensei wa watashi ni hon o kudasaimashita.
The
teacher gave me a book.
私はヒューさんに本をもらいました。
Watashi
wa Huu-san
ni hon o moraimashita.
I received the book from Hugh.
私は先生に本をいただきました。
Watashi
wa sensei ni hon o itadakimashita.
I received a book from the teacher.
Starting an
action
To
express starting an action, use the stem of the verb expressing the action
followed by the appropriate form of the verb hajimeru:
先週本を読み初めました。
Senshuu hon o
yomihajimemashita.
I started reading the book last week.
Nominalization
Verbs
may be made into nouns, or gerunds to use the English expression, by following
the plain form with no or koto, although no cannot be used in the predicate.
私は読むのが好きです。
Watashi wa yomu no ga suki desu.
I
like reading.
見ることは信じることです。
Miru koto wa
shinjiru koto desu.
Seeing is believing.
Adjectives
Japanese
adjectives are either verbal adjectives or adjectival nouns. Those in the first
group, in their dictionary form, end only in -ai, -ii, -oi, or -ui, and are therefore sometimes called -i adjectives. Those in the second group have noun-like
characteristics and when they modify nouns have the suffix -na and are sometimes called -na
adjectives.
An
-i adjective can modify a following
noun.
私は小さいねこを飼っています。
Watashi wa
chiisai neko o katte imasu.
I have a small cat.
The
stem of an -i adjective is formed by
dropping the final -i, so that, for
example, the stem of chisaii is chisai-. An -i adjective may be conjugated to give different tenses:
Present: [stem] + -i
Past: [stem] + -katta
Negative: [stem] + -kunai
Negative past: [stem] +
-kunakatta
Gerund: [stem] + -kute
The
associated verb is in the present tense.
この本は面白いです。
Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu.
This
book is interesting.
あの本も面白かったです。
Ano hon mo omoshirokatta desu.
That
book was interesting too.
今日は寒くないです。
Kyou wa samukunai
desu.
Today
it's not cold.
昨日も寒くなかったです。
Kinou mo
samukunakatta desu.
Yesterday
it wasn't cold either.
この本は面白くて楽しいです。
Kono hon wa
omoshirokute tanoshii desu.
This book is interesting and enjoyable.
The
-na adjectives can be used as
predicates or as noun modifiers.
あの人は有名です。
Ano hito wa yuumei desu.
He
is famous.
公園は静かではありませんでした。
Kouen wa shizuka
dewa arimasen deshita.
The park wasn't quiet.
静かな部屋がほしいです。
Shizukana heya
ga hoshii desu.
I want a quiet room.
The
following colour words may be used alone as adjectives:
赤い akai red 黄色い kiiroi yellow
青い aoi blue,green 黒い kuroi black
茶色い chairoi brown 白い shiroi white
When
these words are used as nouns, the final i
is dropped:
車は赤井です。
Kuruma wa akai desu.
The
car is red.
赤はいい色です。
Aka was ii iro
desu.
Red is a nice colour.
The
following colour words are nouns and must be followed with no:
茶色の chairo no brown 緑色の midoriiro no green
銀色の giniro no silver 紫の murasaki no purple
灰色の haiiro no gray 鼠色の nezumiiro no gray
黄色の kiiro no yellow
オレンジの orenji no orange
金色の kiniro no gold
Describing Nouns
Nouns
may be modified in various ways. However as there are no relative pronouns for
constructing relative clauses, the relative clause ending with the plain form
of the verb comes before the word it modifies.
はるこは目が奇麗です。
Haruko wa me ga kirei desu.
Haruko
has beautiful eyes.
はるこは御主人が医者です。
Haruko wa goshujin ga isha desu.
Haruko's
husband is a medical doctor.
はるこはお腹が好きました。
Haruko wa onaka ga sukimashita.
Haruko
was hungry.
はるこは英語ができます。
Haruko wa eigo ga dekimasu.
Haruko
knows English. (Haruko is good at English.)
私は目が奇麗なはるこを見ます。
Watashi wa me ga kireina Haruko o mimasu.
I
am looking at Haruko with the beautiful eyes.
あの人は御主人が医者のはるこです。
Ano hito wa goshujin ga isha no Haruko
desu.
That
person over there is Haruko whose husband is a medical doctor.
あの人はお腹がすいたはるこです。
Ano hito wa onaka ga suita Haruko desu.
That
person over there is Haruko who is hungry.
あの人は英語ができるのはるこです。
Ano hito wa eigo
ga dekiru no Haruko desu.
That person over there is Haruko who can speak English.
Adverbs
To
form an adverb from an -i adjective,
add -ku to the stem.
安い yasui cheap 安く yasuku cheaply
早い hayai quick 早く hayaku quickly
いい ii good よく yoku well [Irregular]
昨日の晩トラコはよくねました。
Kinou no ban Torako
wa yoku nemashita.
Torako slept well last night.
To
form an adverb from a -na adjective,
use ni after the adjective.
静か shizuka quiet 静かに shizuka ni quietly
簡単 kantan simple 簡単に
kantan ni simply
トラコは静かに歩きます。
Torako wa
shizuka ni arukimasu.
Torako walks quietly.
Of
course, there are many adverbs which are not derived from verbs.
kinou yesterday amari not much sukoshi a little
kyou today bakkari only tabun perhaps
ashita tomorrow chotto a little taihen very
mainichi every day ikaga how takusan a lot
maiasa every morning itsumo always tokidoki sometimes
ima now mata again totemo very
yagate soon mou more yukkuri slowly
sugu immediately motto more zenzen at all (with
neg. verbs)
mada yet, still nakanaka completely
昨日 kinou yesterday
あまり amari not much
少し sukoshi a little
少ない sukunai a few
多い ooi a lot
今日 kyou today
ばっかり bakkari only
たぶん tabun perhaps
明日 ashita tomorrow
ちょっと chotto a lottle
大変 taihen very
毎日 mainichi every day
いかが ikaga how
たくさん takusan a lot
毎朝 maiasa every morning
いつも itsumo always
ときどき tokidoki sometimes
今 ima now
また mata again
とても totemo very
やがて yagate soon
もう mou already
ゆっくり yukkuri slowly
すぐ sugu inmediately
もっと motto more
全然 zenzen at all (with negative verbs)
まだ mada yet, still
なかなか nakanaka completely
ほとんど hotondo almost
はっきり hakkiri clearly
どんどん dondon quickly
めったに metta ni seldom
突然 totsuzen suddenly
そっと sotto smoothly, softly
きっと kitto certainly
さらに sara ni besides
そろそろ sorosoro gradually
益々, ますます masumasu more and more
前 mae before
後, あと ato after
のち nochi later
さっきほど、さっき sakkihodo, sakki until recently
さっさと sassa quickly
再び futatabi again
抑, そもそも somosomo in the first place
すでに sudeni already, too late
すっかり sukkari completely
とくに toku ni specially
取り敢えず toriaezu at once
相変わらず aikawarazu as ever
拘らず kakawarazu despite
わざわざ wazawaza on purpose
必ず kanarazu certainly, whitout fail
一般に ippan ni generally
大丈夫 daijoubu OK
一人で hitori de alone
Comparisons
カナダは日本より大きいです。
Kanada wa Nihon yori oukii desu.
Canada
is larger than Japan.
日本よりカナダは大きいです。
Nihon yori Kanada wa oukii desu.
Canada
is larger than Japan.
日本よりカナダのほうが大きいです。
Nihon yori Kanada no hou ga oukii desu.
Canada
is larger than Japan.
日本はカナダほど大きくないです。
Nihon wa Kanada hodo oukikunai desu.
Japan
is not as large as Canada.
カナダと日本とではどちらが大きいですか。
Kanada to Nihon to dewa dochira ga oukii desu ka.
Which
is larger, Canada or Japan?
トラコはねこの中で一番可愛いです。
Torako wa neko no naka de ichiban kawaii
desu.
Torako
is the most beautiful of all cats.
トラコはエドモントンで一番可愛いです。
Torako wa Edomonton de ichiban kawaii
desu.
Torako
is the most beautiful (cat) in Edmonton.
ねずみと犬とではどちらが可愛いですか。
Nezumi to inu to dewa dochira ga kawaii
desu ka.
Which
are the more attractive, mice or dogs?
前の例はばかですね。
Mae no rei wa
baka deshita ne.
The last example was silly, wasn't it?
Numbers
0 零 rei (zero)
1 一 ichi 10
十 juu 100
百 hyaku 1000
千 sen
2 二 ni 20
二十 nijuu 200
二百 nihyaku ２千
2000 nisen
3 三 san 30
sanjuu 300
sanbyaku 3000
sanzen
4 四 shi/yon 40
yonjuu 400
yonhyaku 4000
yonsen
5 五 go 50
gojuu 500
gohyaku 5000
gosen
6 六 roku 60
rokujuu 600
roppyaku 6000
rokusen
7 七 shichi/nana 70
nanajuu 700
nanahyaku 7000
nanasen
8 八 hachi 80
hachijuu 800
happyaku 8000
hassen
9 九 ku/kyuu 90
kyuujuu 900
kyuuhyaku 9000
kyuusen
万 10,000 man/ichiman
100,000 juuman
1,000,000 hyakuman
10,000,000 senman/issenman
億 100,000,000 oku/ichioku
1,000,000,000 juuoku
The
ordinal numbers are formed by adding banme to the cardinal numbers.
１ばんめ、２番目
ichibanme first nibanme second
Specific Time
1 o’clock ichiji 【一時】 1
minute ippun 【一分】
2 o’clock niji 【２時】 2
minutes nifun 【２分】.
3 o’clock sanji 3
minutes sanpun
4 o’clock yoji 4
minutes yonpun
5 o’clock goji 5
minutes gofun
6 o’clock rokuji 6
minutes roppun
7 o’clock shichiji 7
minutes nanafun
8 o’clock hachiji 8
minutes happun
9 o’clock kuji 9
minutes kyuufun
10 o’clock juuji 10
minutes juppun
11 o’clock juuichiji
12 o’clock juuniji
半 han half Goji han desu. It’s 5:30.
過ぎ sugi after Juuji juugofun sugi desu. It’s 10:15.
まえ mae before Juuji juugofun mae desu. It's a quarter to ten..
午前 gozen a.m. Gozen hachiji desu. It’s 8
a.m.
午後 gogo p.m. Gogo juuji desu. It’s 10
p.m.
正午
shougo noon
Relative Time
|
一昨日 ototoi day before
yesterday |
|
先々週 sensenshuu
week before last |
|
朝 asa morning |
|
先々月sensengetsu month before last |
|
一昨年 ototoshi year before last |
|
|
Counters
|
|
General |
People sannin |
Stamps |
Pencils nihon
２本 |
Books nisatsu
２冊 |
Small animals nihiki
２匹 |
Floors nikai
２階 |
Calendar
|
1st tsuitachi |
|
11th
juuichinichi |
|
21st
nijuuichinichi |
|
月曜日 Monday getsuyoubi |
|
January
一月ichigatsu |
春
haru spring
夏 natsu summer
秋 aki autumn
冬 fuyu winter
Family
Japanese use
different words for members of their own family and for members of someone
else's family:
|
Relation wife niece |
|
My
/ Your family sobo obaasan 祖母/お婆さん
|
The adjective
giri no means related by marriage:
義理の息子
giri no musuko son-in-law
Acknowledgements
I would like to
thank Kenji Yoshimi, David Young and Hugh Woods for their helpful comments on a
first draft of these notes.
References
Akiyama, Nobuo
and Carol Akiyama, 1995. Master the
Basics. Japanese. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge, N. Y.
Association for Japanese Language Teaching, 1984. Japanese for Busy People I. Kodansha International, Tokyo.
The Hirou
Japanese Center, 1989. The Complete
Japanese Verb Guide. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Vermont.
Nakao, Seigo, 1995. Random House
Japanese-English English-Japanese Dictionary. Ballantine Books, New York.
Strugnell, Lynne, 1994. Essential
Japanese. Berlitz Publishing Company, Inc., Princeton, N. J.
Yoshimi, Kenji, 1999. Class Notes.
Appendix. A few
verbs
The first column
gives the dictionary form, the second and third the -masu and -te forms.
|
上げる |
上げます |
上げて |
give,
raise |
|
ageru |
agemasu |
agete |
|
|
開ける |
開けます |
開けて |
open |
|
akeru |
akemasu |
akete |
|
|
ある |
あります |
あって |
be,
exist, have |
|
aru |
arimasu |
atte |
|
|
遊ぶ |
遊びます |
遊んで |
play |
|
asobu |
asobimasu |
asonde |
|
|
会う |
会います |
会って |
meet |
|
au |
aimasu |
atte |
|
|
違う |
違います |
違って |
differ,
be mistaken |
|
chigau |
chigaimasu |
chigatte |
|
|
だ |
です |
で |
be
(copula) |
|
da |
desu |
de |
|
|
出かける |
出かけます |
出けかけて |
go
out |
|
dekakeru |
dekakemasu |
dekakete |
|
|
できる |
できます |
できて |
can,
be able, made of |
|
dekiru |
dekimasu |
dekite |
|
|
出る |
出ます |
出て |
go
out, appear |
|
deru |
demasu |
dete |
|
|
降る |
降ります |
降って |
fall
(rain, snow) |
|
furu |
furimasu |
futte |
|
|
ござる |
ございます |
ござって |
be,
exist, have (formal) |
|
gozaru |
gozaimasu |
gozatte |
|
|
入る |
入ります |
入って |
go
in, enter |
|
hairu |
hairimasu |
haitte |
|
|
始まる |
始まります |
始まって |
begin |
|
hajimaru |
hajimarimasu |
hajimatte |
|
|
話す |
話します |
話して |
speak,
talk |
|
hanasu |
hanashimasu |
hanashite |
|
|
走る |
走ります |
走って |
run |
|
hashiru |
hashirimasu |
hashitte |
|
|
働く |
働きます |
働いて |
work |
|
hataraku |
hatarakimasu |
hataraite |
|
|
行く 行ます |
行って |
行って |
go |
|
iku |
ikimasu |
itte |
|
|
生きる |
生きます |
生きて |
live,
become alive |
|
ikiru |
ikimasu |
ikite |
|
|
いらっしゃる |
いらっしゃいます |
いらっしゃいて |
go,
come, be (formal) |
|
irassharu |
irasshaimasu |
irasshatte |
|
|
入れる |
入れます |
入れて |
put
in |
|
ireru |
iremasu |
irete |
|
|
いる |
います |
いて |
be,
exist |
|
iru |
imasu |
ite |
|
|
いただく |
いただきます |
いただいて |
receive
(polite) |
|
itadaku |
itadakimasu |
itadaite |
|
|
言う |
言います |
言って |
say,
relate |
|
iu |
iimasu |
itte |
|
|
返る |
返ります |
返って |
return |
|
kaeru |
kaerimasu |
kaette |
|
|
かかる |
かかります |
かっかて |
take
(time) |
|
kakaru |
kakarimasu |
kakatte |
|
|
かける |
かけます |
かけて |
telephone |
|
kakeru |
kakemasu |
kakete |
|
|
書く |
書きます |
書いて |
write |
|
kaku |
kakimasu |
kaite |
|
|
考える |
考えます |
考えて |
think
about, consider |
|
kangaeru |
kangaemasu |
kangaete |
|
|
借りる |
借ります |
借りて |
borrow,
rent |
|
kariru |
karimasu |
karite |
|
|
貸す |
貸します |
貸して |
lend |
|
kasu |
kashimasu |
kashite |
|
|
買う |
買います |
買って |
buy, |
|
飼う |
飼います |
飼って |
possess
(animals) |
|
kau |
kaimasu |
katte |
|
|
通う |
通います |
通って |
commute |
|
kayou |
kayoimasu |
kayotte |
|
|
聞く |
聞きます |
聞いて |
hear,
ask |
|
kiku |
kikimasu |
kiite |
|
|
決める |
決めます |
決めて |
decide,
fix, choose |
|
kimeru |
kimemasu |
kimete |
|
|
下さる |
下さいます |
下さって |
give
to speaker (polite) |
|
kudasaru |
kudasaimasu |
kudasatte |
|
|
下る |
下ります |
下って |
descend,
go down |
|
kudaru |
kudarimasu |
kudatte |
|
|
比べる |
比べます |
比べて |
compare |
|
kuraberu |
kurabemasu |
kurabete |
|
|
くれる |
くれます |
くれて |
give
to speaker |
|
kureru |
kuremasu |
kurete |
|
|
来る |
来ます |
来て |
come |
|
kuru |
kimasu |
kite |
|
|
曲がる |
曲がります |
曲がって |
turn |
|
magaru |
magarimasu |
magatte |
|
|
待つ |
待ちます |
待って |
wait |
|
matsu |
machimasu |
matte |
|
|
見る |
見ます |
見て |
see,
watch |
|
miru |
mimasu |
mite |
|
|
貰う |
貰ます |
貰って |
receive |
|
morau |
moraimasu |
moratte |
|
|
持つ |
持ちます |
持って |
have,
hold |
|
motsu |
mochimasu |
motte |
|
|
持って行く |
持って行きます |
持って行 |
take (to a place) |
|
motte iku |
motte ikimasu |
motte itt |
|
|
持って来る |
持って来ます |
持って来 |
bring |
|
motte kuru |
motte kimasu |
motte kit |
|
|
向ける |
向けます |
向けて |
turn |
|
mukeru |
mukemasu |
mukete |
|
|
なる |
なります |
なって |
become,
get |
|
naru |
narimasu |
natte |
|
|
寝る |
寝ます |
寝て |
go
to bed, sleep |
|
neru |
nemasu |
nete |
|
|
上る |
上ります |
上って |
rise,
go up, climb |
|
noboru |
noborimasu |
nobotte |
|
|
飲む |
飲みます |
飲んで |
drink |
|
nomu |
nomimasu |
nonde |
|
|
塗る |
塗あす |
塗って |
paint |
|
nuru |
nurimasu |
nutte |
|
|
起きる |
起きます |
起きて |
get
up, wake up |
|
okiru |
okimasu |
okite |
|
|
思う |
思います |
思って |
think |
|
omou |
omoimasu |
omotte |
|
|
下りる |
下ります |
下りて |
get
off |
|
oriru |
orimasu |
orite |
|
|
教える |
教えます |
教えて |
teach,
tell |
|
oshieru |
oshiemasu |
oshiete |
|
|
終る |
終ります |
終って |
end,
finish |
|
owaru |
owarimasu |
owatte |
|
|
泳ぐ |
泳ぎます |
泳いで |
swim |
|
oyogu |
oyogimasu |
oyoide |
|
|
探す |
探します |
探して |
look
for |
|
sagasu |
sagashimasu |
sagashite |
|
|
咲く |
咲ます |
咲いて |
bloom |
|
saku |
sakimasu |
saite |
|
|
差し上げる |
差し上げます |
差し上げて |
give
(polite) |
|
sashiageru |
sashiagemasu |
sashiagete |
|
|
閉める |
閉めます |
閉めて |
close |
|
shimeru |
shimemasu |
shimete |
|
|
信じる |
信じます |
信じて |
believe |
|
shinjiru |
shinjimasu |
shinjite |
|
|
死ぬ |
死にます |
死んで |
die |
|
shinu |
shinimasu |
shinde |
|
|
住む |
住ます |
住んで |
live |
|
sumu |
sumimasu |
sunde |
|
|
する |
します |
して |
do |
|
suru |
shimasu |
shite |
|
|
座る |
座ります |
座って |
sit
down |
|
suwaru |
suwarimasu |
suwatte |
|
|
食べる |
食べます |
食べて |
eat |
|
taberu |
tabemasu |
tabete |
|
|
飛ぶ |
飛びます |
飛んで |
fly,
jump |
|
tobu |
tobimasu |
tonde |
|
|
泊まる |
泊まります |
泊まって |
stay
overnight |
|
tomaru |
tomarimasu |
tomatte |
|
|
止まる |
止まります |
止まって |
stop,
halt |
|
tomaru |
tomarimasu |
tomatte |
|
|
取る |
取ります |
捕って |
get,
win |
|
toru |
torimasu |
totte |
|
|
疲れる |
疲れます |
疲れて |
become
tired |
|
tsukareru |
tsukaremasu |
tsukarete |
|
|
使う |
使います |
使って |
use |
|
tsukau |
tsukaimasu |
tsukatte |
|
|
作る |
作ります |
作って |
make |
|
tsukuru |
tsukurimasu |
tsukutte |
|
|
勤める |
勤めます |
勤めて |
be
employed |
|
tsutomeru |
tsutomemasu |
tsutomete |
|
|
動く |
動きます |
動いて |
move,
change |
|
ugoku |
ugokimasu |
ugoite |
|
|
産む |
産みます |
産んで |
produce |
|
umu |
umimasu |
unde |
|
|
生む |
生みます |
生んで |
give
birth |
|
umu |
umimasu |
unde |
|
|
売る |
売ります |
売って |
sell |
|
uru |
urimasu |
utte |
|
|
わかる |
わかります |
わかって |
understand |
|
wakaru |
wakarimasu |
wakatte |
|
|
忘れる |
忘れます |
忘れて |
forget |
|
wasureru |
wasuremasu |
wasurete |
|
|
やる |
やります |
やって |
give
(informal) |
|
yaru |
yarimasu |
yatte |
|
|
休む |
休みます |
休んで |
rest |
|
yasumu |
yasumimasu |
yasunde |
|
|
呼ぶ |
呼びます |
呼んで |
call |
|
yobu |
yobimasu |
yonde |
|
|
読む |
読みます |
読んで |
read |
|
yomu |
yomimasu |
yonde |
|
|
|
|
|
|