A better and later version of this page can be found at: http://www.sljfaq.org/w/transitive_and_intransitive_verbs.
This page has been derived from several sources:
The first table has verbs where the transitive/intransitive pair are related by an eru-aru pattern (ける→かる, げる→がる, etc.) A few at the end are not quite regular in this formation.
| TRANSITIVE | INTRANSITIVE |
| 預ける [あずける] (v1,vt) to give into custody; to leave (a child) in the care of; to entrust; to deposit |
預かる [あずかる] (v5r,vt) to keep in custody; to receive on deposit; to take charge of {NB: this allocation to Intransitive by Takasugi is dubious.} |
| 受ける [うける] (v1) to undertake; to accept; to take (lesson, test, damage); to undergo; to experience; to catch (e.g. a ball); to become popular |
受かる [うかる] (v5r) to pass (examination) |
| 掛ける [かける] (aux-v,v1) (1) to wear; to put on; to hang; to cover; (2) to sit down; (3) to make a phone call; (4) to multiply; (5) to turn on (a switch); to play (a record); (6) to begin to; (7) to pour (water) |
掛かる [かかる] (v5r,vi) to take (e.g. time, money, etc); to hang |
| 授ける [さずける] (v1) to grant; to award; to teach |
授かる [さずかる] (v5r) to be gifted; to be awarded |
| 挙げる [あげる] (v1) (1) to raise; to fly; (2) to give (an example) |
挙がる [あがる] (v5r) to become prosperous; to be captured |
| 揚げる [あげる] (v1) to lift; to fly |
揚がる [あがる] (v5r) to rise |
| 空ける [あける] (v1,vt) to empty also 開ける |
空く [あく] (v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty; (2) to be less crowded also 開く |
| 片付ける [かたづける] (v1,vt) (1) to tidy up; to put in order; to straighten up; to put away; (2) to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); (3) to finish; to bring something to an end; (4) to marry off (e.g. a daughter); (5) to do away with someone; to bump someone off |
片付く [かたづく] (v5k,vi) (1) to be put in order; to be put to rights; (2) to be disposed of; to be solved; (3) to be finished; (4) to be married (off) |
| 負ける [まける] (v1) to lose; to be defeated |
負かす [まかす] (v5s) to defeat |
| 分ける [わける] (v1) to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between) |
分かる [わかる] (v5r) (1) to understand; to grasp; (2) to know; to realize; to realise |
| 上げる [あげる] (v1) to give; to raise; to elevate; to fly (kites); to praise; to increase; to advance; to promote; to vomit; to usher in; to admit; to send (to school); to offer; to present; to leave with; to finish; to arrange (expenses); to observe; to perform; to quote; to mention; to bear (a child); to improve (talents); to do up (the hair); to arrest; to engage; to fry; (rains) to stop |
上がる [あがる] (v5r) (1) to enter; to go up; to rise; to climb up; to advance; to appreciate; to be promoted; to improve; to call on; to be offered; to accrue; (2) to be finished; to go bankrupt; to be caught; to let up (rain); (3) to weaken (as a battery); (4) to get ruffled |
| 下げる [さげる] (v1) to hang; to lower; to move back; to wear; to dismiss; to grant |
下がる [さがる] (v5r) to hang down; to abate; to retire; to fall; to step back |
| 繋げる [つなげる] (v1) to connect also 繋ぐ [つなぐ] |
繋がる [つながる] (v5r) to be tied together; to be connected to; to be related to |
| 広げる [ひろげる] (v1) to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden; to unfold; to open; to unroll |
広がる [ひろがる] (v5r) to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around |
| 曲げる [まげる] (v1) to bend; to crook; to lean |
曲がる [まがる] (v5r) to turn; to bend |
| 混ぜる [まぜる] (v1) to mix; to stir |
混ざる [まざる] (v5r,vi) to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join |
| 捨てる [すてる] (v1) to throw away; to cast aside; to abandon; to resign |
廃る [すたる] (v5r) to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion |
| 当てる [あてる] (v1) (1) to hit; (2) to expose; (3) to apply (e.g. patch); (4) to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); (5) to guess (an answer); (6) to make a hit (e.g. in a lottery) |
当たる [あたる] (v5r) to be hit; to be successful; to face (confront); to lie (in the direction of); to undertake; to treat; to be equivalent to; to apply to; to be applicable; to be assigned |
| 茹でる [ゆでる] (v1) to boil |
茹だる [うだる] (v5r,vi) (1) to boil; to seethe; (2) to be oppressed by heat |
| 重ねる [かさねる] (v1) to pile up; to put something on another; to heap up; to add; to repeat |
重なる [かさなる] to be piled up; lie on top of one another; overlap each other |
| 連ねる [つらねる] (v1) to link; to join; to put together |
連なる [つらなる] (v5r) to extend; to stretch out; to stand in a row |
| 温める [あたためる] (v1) to warm; to heat |
温まる [あたたまる] (v5r) to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm |
| 集める [あつめる] (v1,vt) to collect; to assemble |
集まる [あつまる] (v5r,vi) to gather; to collect; to assemble |
| 改める [あらためる] (v1) to change; to alter; to reform; to revise |
改まる [あらたまる] (v5r) (1) to be renewed; (2) to stand on ceremony; to be formal; (3) to take a turn for the worse |
| 炒める [いためる] (v1) to stir-fry |
炒まる [いたまる] (v5r) to be sauteed in oil |
| 填める [うずめる] (v1) to bury (e.g. one's face in hands) |
埋まる [うずまる] (v5r) to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled |
| 埋める [うずめる] (v1) to bury (e.g. one's face in hands) |
埋まる [うずまる] (v5r) to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled |
| 収める [おさめる] (v1) to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept |
収まる [おさまる] (v5r) (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered |
| 治める [おさめる] (v1) (1) to govern; to manage; (2) to subdue |
治まる [おさまる] (v5r) to be at peace; to clamp down; to lessen (storm, terror, anger) |
| 修める [おさめる] (v1) (1) to study; to complete (a course); to cultivate; to master; (2) to order (one's life); (3) to repair (a fault one has committed) |
修まる [おさまる] (v5r) to govern oneself; to conduct oneself well |
| 納める [おさめる] (v1) to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept |
納まる [おさまる] (v5r) (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered |
| 固める [かためる] (v1,vt) to harden; to freeze; to fortify |
固まる [かたまる] (v5r,vi) to harden; to solidify; to become firm; to become certain |
| 絡める [からめる] (v1) (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with) |
絡まる [からまる] (v5r) to be entwined; to be involved also 絡む [からむ] (v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with |
| 決める [きめる] (v1) to decide |
決まる [きまる] (v5r) (1) to be decided; to be settled; (2) to look good in (clothes) |
| 清める [きよめる] (v1) to purify; to cleanse; to exorcise |
清まる [きよまる] (v5r) to be purified; to be cleansed |
| 閉める [しめる] (v1,vt) to close; to shut |
閉まる [しまる] (v5r,vi) to close; to be closed |
| 窄める [すぼめる] (v1) to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips) |
窄まる [すぼまる] (v5r) to get narrower; to contract |
| 染める [そめる] (v1) to dye; to colour; to color |
染まる [そまる] (v5r) to dye |
| 高める [たかめる] (v1) to raise; to lift; to boost |
高まる [たかまる] (v5r) to rise; to swell; to be promoted |
| 定める [さだめる] (v1) to decide; to establish; to determine |
定まる [さだまる] (v5r) to become settled; to be fixed |
| 貯める [ためる] (v1) to save (i.e. in a bank) |
貯まる [たまる] (v5r) to be saved (e.g. money) |
| 溜める [ためる] (v1) to amass; to accumulate |
溜まる [たまる] (v5r) to collect; to gather; to save |
| 縮める [ちぢめる] (v1) to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink |
縮まる [ちぢまる] (v5r) to be shortened; to be contracted; to shrink |
| 勤める [つとめる] (v1) (1) to serve; to fill a post; to serve under; to work (for); (2) to exert oneself; to endeavor; to endeavour; to be diligent; (3) to play (the part of) |
勤まる [つとまる] (v5r) to be fit for; to be equal to; to function properly |
| 強める [つよめる] (v1) to strengthen; to emphasize; to emphasise |
強まる [つよまる] (v5r) to get strong; to gain strength |
| 止める [とどめる] (v1) to stop; to cease; to put an end to |
止まる [とどまる] (v5r) (1) to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); (2) to come to a halt; (3) to stop |
| 始める [はじめる] (v1,vt) to start; to begin |
始まる [はじまる] (v5r,vi) to begin |
| 嵌める [はめる] (v1) (1) (col) to get in; to insert; to put on; (2) to make love |
嵌まる [はまる] (oK) (v5r) to get into; to go into; to fit; to be fit for; to suit; to fall into; to plunge into; to be deceived; to be taken in; to fall into a trap; to be addicted to; to be deep into |
| 広める [ひろめる] (v1) to broaden; to propagate |
広まる [ひろまる] (v5r) to spread; to be propagated |
| 纏める [まとめる] (v1,vt) to put in order; to collect; to bring to a conclusion |
纏まる [まとまる] (v5r) to be collected; to be settled; to be in order |
| 丸める [まるめる] (v1) to make round; to round off; to roll up; to curl up; to seduce; to cajole; to explain away |
丸まる [まるまる] (v5r) to become rounded; to roll into a ball |
| 緩める [ゆるめる] (v1) to loosen; to slow down |
緩まる [ゆるまる] ((v5r) to become loose; to slacken; to soften |
| 暖める,温める [あたためる] (v1) to warm; to heat |
暖まる,温まる [あたたまる] (v5r) to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm |
| 泊める [とめる] (v1) to give shelter to; to lodge |
泊まる [とまる] (v5r) to stay at (e.g. hotel) |
| 極める,窮める,究める [きわめる] (v1) (1) to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; (2) to investigate thoroughly; to master |
極まる,窮まる [きわまる] (v5r) to terminate; to reach an extreme; to be in a dilemma; to be at an end |
| 静める,鎮める [しずめる] (v1,vt) to appease; to suppress; to calm |
静まる,鎮まる [しずまる] (v5r) to quieten down; to calm down; to subside; to die down; to abate; to be suppressed |
| 締める [しめる] (v1) to tie; to fasten |
締まる [しまる] (v5r) to be shut; to be locked; to become sober |
| 絞める [しめる] (v1) to strangle; to constrict |
絞まる [しまる] (v5r) to be strangled; to be constricted |
| 狭める [せばめる] (v1,vt) to narrow; to reduce; to contract |
狭まる [せばまる] (v5r,vi) to narrow; to contract |
| 助ける,輔ける,救ける,扶ける [たすける] (v1) to help; to save; to rescue; to give relief to; to spare (life); to reinforce; to promote; to abet |
助かる [たすかる] (v5r) to be saved; to be rescued; to survive; to be helpful |
| 見付ける [みつける] (v1) to be familiar; to discover; to find fault; to detect; to find out; to locate |
見付かる [みつかる] (v5r) (uk) to be found; to be discovered |
| 漬ける [つける] (v1) to soak; to moisten; to pickle |
漬かる [つかる] (v5r) (1) to be pickled; to be well seasoned; (2) to be submerged; to be soaked |
| 植える [うえる] (v1) to plant; to grow |
植わる [うわる] (v5r) to be planted |
| 終える [おえる] (v1) to finish |
終わる [おわる] (v5r) to finish; to close |
| 変える [かえる] (v1,vt) to change; to alter; to vary; to convert; to revise; to amend |
変わる [かわる] (v5r,vi) to change; to be transformed; to vary; to be revised; to be different; to move location |
| 換える [かえる] (v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace |
換わる [かわる] (v5r,vi) to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced |
| 替える,代える [かえる] (v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace |
替わる,代わる [かわる] (v5r,vi) to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced |
| 据える [すえる] (v1) to set (table); to lay (foundation); to place (gun); to apply (moxa) |
座る [すわる] (v5r) to sit; to squat |
| 備える [そなえる] (v1) (1) to furnish; to provide for; to equip; to install; (2) to have ready; to prepare for; (3) to possess; to have; to be endowed with; to be armed with |
備わる [そなわる] (v5r) (1) to be furnished with; to be endowed with; (2) to be among; to be one of; to be possessed of |
| 伝える [つたえる] (v1) to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath |
伝わる [つたわる] (v5r) to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along |
| 横たえる [よこたえる] (v1) to lie down; to lay (oneself) down |
横たわる [よこたわる] (v5r) to lie down; to stretch out |
| 加える [くわえる] (v1) to append; to sum up; to add (up); to include; to increase; to inflict |
加わる [くわわる] (v5r) to join in; to accede to; to increase; to gain in (influence) |
| 教える [おしえる] (v1) to teach; to inform; to instruct |
教わる [おそわる] (v5r) to be taught |
| 舞う [まう] (v5u,vi) to dance; to flutter about; to revolve |
回る [まわる] (v5r) (1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places |
| 刺す [さす] (v5s) to pierce; to stab; to prick; to thrust; to bite; to sting; to pin down; to stitch; to put (a runner) out; to pole (a boat); to catch (with a line); to stick |
刺さる [ささる] (v5r) to stick; to be stuck |
| 塞ぐ [ふさぐ] (v5g,vt) to stop up; to close up; to block (up); to occupy; to fill up; to take up; to stand in another's way; to plug up; to shut up |
塞がる [ふさがる] (v5r,vi) to be plugged up; to be shut up |
| 磨ぐ/研ぐ [とぐ] (v5g) to sharpen; to grind; to scour; to hone; to polish; to wash (rice) |
尖る [とがる] (v5r) to taper to a point; to become sharp; to be sour; to look displeased |
| 包む [くるむ] (v5m) to be engulfed in; to be enveloped by; to wrap up; to tuck in; to pack; to do up; to cover with; to dress in; to conceal |
包まる [くるまる] (v5r) to be wrapped up (e.g. in a blanket); to cover oneself |
| 込める [こめる] (v1) to include; to put into |
籠もる [こもる] (v5r) to seclude oneself; to be confined in; to be implied; to be stuffy |
The next table has verbs where the transitive/intransitive pair are related by an u-eru pattern (る→れる, く→ける, etc.) Again a few at the end are not quite regular in this formation.
| TRANSITIVE | INTRANSITIVE |
| 折る [おる] (v5r) to break; to fold; to pick flower |
折れる [おれる] (v1,vi,vt) to break; to be folded; to give in; to turn (a corner) |
| 切る [きる] (suf,v5r) to cut; to chop; to hash; to carve; to saw; to clip; to shear; to slice; to strip; to fell; to cut down; to punch; to sever (connections); to pause; to break off; to disconnect; to turn off; to hang up; to cross (a street); to discount; to sell below cost; to shake (water) off; to finish; to be through; to complete |
切れる [きれる] (v1) (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind |
| 破る [やぶる] (v5r,vt) to tear; to violate; to defeat; to smash; to destroy |
破れる [やぶれる] (v1) to get torn; to wear out |
| 割る [わる] (v5r) to divide; to cut; to break; to halve; to separate; to split; to rip; to crack; to smash; to dilute |
割れる [われる] (v1,vi) to break; to split; to cleave; to fissure; to be smashed; to crack; to be torn |
| 削る [けずる] (v5r) (1) to shave (wood or leather); to sharpen; to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; (2) to cross out; to reduce; to curtail; to remove; to erase |
削れる [けずれる] (v5r) to be shaved or planed |
| 擦る [かする] (v5r) to touch lightly; to take a percentage (from) |
擦れる [すれる] (v1) to rub; to chafe; to wear; to become sophisticated |
| 解く [ほどく] (v5k) to unfasten |
解ける [ほどける] (v1) to come untied; to come apart |
| 解く [とく] (v5k) to solve; to answer; to untie |
解ける [とける] (v1) (1) to loosen; to come untied; (2) to be solved; (3) to be removed; to be cleared |
| 取る [とる] (v5r) to take; to pick up; to harvest; to earn; to choose |
取れる [とれる] (v1) to come off; to be taken off; to be removed; to be obtained; to leave; to come out (e.g. photo); to be interpreted |
| 撚る [よる] (v5r) to twist (yarn); to lay (rope) |
縒れる [よれる] (v1) to get twisted; to get kinked |
| 捻る (捻じる) [ねじる] (v5r) (1) to screw; to twist; (2) to distort; (3) to torture; to wrest |
捻れる [ねじれる] (v1) to twist; to wrench; to screw |
| 釣る [つる] (v5r) to fish |
釣れる [つれる] (v1) to be fished |
| 抜く [ぬく] (v5k) (1) to extract; to omit; to surpass; to overtake; to draw out; to unplug; (2) (suf) to do something to the end |
抜ける [ぬける] (v1) to come out; to fall out; to be omitted; to be missing; to escape |
| 裂く [さく] (v5k) to tear; to split |
裂ける [さける] (v1) to split; to tear; to burst |
| 割く [さく] (v5k) to cut up; to separate; to spare (e.g. time); to cleave; to sever; to divide; to cede; to alienate |
割ける [さける] (v1) to be separated; to be divided |
| 使う [つかう] (v5u) to use; to handle; to manipulate; to employ; to need; to want; to spend; to consume; to speak (English); to practise (fencing); to practice (fencing); to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money) |
仕える [つかえる] (v1) to serve; to work for |
| 焼く [やく] (v5k) to bake; to grill |
焼ける [やける] (v1,vi) to burn; to be roasted; to be sunburnt |
| 張る [はる] (v5r,vi,vt) to stick; to paste; to put; to affix; to stretch; to spread; to strain; to stick out; to slap; to be expensive; to tighten |
腫れる [はれる] (v1) to swell (from inflammation); to become swollen |
| 思う [おもう] (v5u) to think; to feel |
思える [おもえる] (v1) to seem; to appear likely |
| 知る [しる] (v5r) to know; to understand; to be acquainted with; to feel |
知れる [しれる] (v1) to become known; to come to light; to be discovered |
| 砕く [くだく] (v5k,vt) to break; to smash |
砕ける [くだける] (v1,vi) to break; to be broken |
| 欠く [かく] (v5k) to lack; to break; to crack; to chip |
欠ける [かける] (v1) to be lacking |
| 脱ぐ [ぬぐ] (v5g) to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress |
脱げる [ぬげる] (v1) to come off; to slip down; to slip off |
| 売る [うる] (v5r) to sell |
売れる [うれる] (v1) to be sold |
| 弾く [はじく] (v5k) to flip; to snap |
弾ける [はじける] (v1) to burst open; to split open; to pop |
| 捲る [まくる] (suf,v5r) (1) to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); (2) verb suffix to indicate reckless abandon to the activity |
捲れる [まくれる] (v1) to be (get) turned up (inside out) |
| 捲る [めくる] (v5r) to turn over; to turn pages of a book; to tear off; to strip off |
捲れる [まくれる] (v1) to be (get) turned up (inside out) |
| 分ける [わける] (v1) to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between) |
分かれる [わかれる] (v1) to branch off; to diverge from; to fork; to split; to dispense; to scatter; to divide into |
| 開く [あく] (v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty |
開ける [あける] (v1) to open |
| 聞く [きく] (v5k) (1) to hear; to listen; (2) to ask |
聞こえる [きこえる] (v1) (1) to be heard; to be audible; (2) to be said to be; to be reputed |
| 見る [みる] (v1) (1) to see; to watch; (2) (as an auxiliary verb) to try |
見える [みえる] (v1) to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to appear |
| 煮る [にる] (v1,vt) to boil; to cook |
煮える [にえる] (v1,vi) to boil; to cook; to be cooked |
| 炊く [たく] (v5k) to boil; to cook |
炊ける [たける] (v1) to be boiled; to be cooked; to be done; to be ready |
| 刳る [えぐる] (v5r) to gouge; to hollow out; to bore; to excavate; to scoop out |
刳れる [えぐれる] (v1) to be gouged; to be hollowed |
| 振るう [ふるう] (v5u) to flourish; to prosper; to thrive |
震える [ふるえる] (v1) to shiver; to shake; to quake |
In the next table the direction changes, and the intransitive/transitive pair are related by the u-eru pattern (む→める, く→ける, etc.)
| INTRANSITIVE | TRANSITIVE |
| 合う [あう] (v5u) to fit; to suit; to agree with; to match; to be correct; to be profitable |
和える [あえる] (v1) to dress vegetables (salad) |
| 赤らむ [あからむ] (v5m) to become red; to redden; to blush |
赤らめる [あからめる] (v1) to blush; to redden |
| 傷む [いたむ] (v5m) to be damaged; to go bad |
傷める [いためる] (v1) to damage; to impair; to spoil |
| 痛む [いたむ] (v5m) to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured |
痛める [いためる] (v1) to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over |
| 開く [あく] (v5k,vi) (1) to open; to become open; to become empty |
開ける [あける] (v1) to open |
| 点く [つく] (v5k) (1) to catch fire; (2) to be lit, e.g. electricity comes on; to be lighted |
点ける [つける] (v1) (uk) to turn on; to switch on; to light up |
| 痛む [いたむ] (v5m) to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured |
痛める [いためる] (v1) to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over |
| 入る [いる] (v5r) to get in; to go in; to come in; to flow into; to set; to set in |
入れる [いれる] (v1) to put in; to take in; to bring in; to let in; to admit; to introduce; to commit (to prison); to usher in; to insert; to set (jewels); to employ; to listen to; to tolerate; to comprehend; to include; to pay (interest); to cast (votes) |
| 浮かぶ [うかぶ] (v5b) to float; to rise to surface; to come to mind |
浮かべる [うかべる] (v1) to float; to express; to look (sad, glad) |
| 交う [かう] ; (v5u) to take turns; to mingle together | 換える [かえる] (v1) to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace |
| 絡む [からむ] (v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with |
絡める [からめる] (v1) (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with) |
| 込む [こむ] (v5m) (1) to be crowded; (2) to go inside (usu. only when used in compound verbs) |
込める [こめる] (v1) to include; to put into |
| 沈む [しずむ] (v5m) to sink; to feel depressed |
沈める [しずめる] (v1,vt) to sink; to submerge |
| 従う [したがう] (v5u) to abide (by the rules); to obey; to follow; to accompany |
従える [したがえる] (v1) (1) to be accompanied by; (2) to subdue |
| 退く [しりぞく] (v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw; (2) to retire |
退ける [しりぞける] (v1,vt) to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject |
| 進む [すすむ] (v5m,vi) to make progress; to advance; to improve |
進める [すすめる] (v1,vt) to advance; to promote; to hasten |
| 窄む [すぼむ] (v5m) to get narrower; to contract |
窄める [すぼめる] (v1) to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips) |
| 育つ [そだつ] (v5t,vi) to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up) |
育てる [そだてる] (v1,vt) to raise; to rear; to bring up |
| 建つ [たつ] (v5t) to erect; to be erected; to be built |
建てる [たてる] (v1) to build; to construc |
| 背く [そむく] (v5k) to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe |
背ける [そむける] (v1) to turn one's face away; to avert one's eyes |
| 揃う [そろう] (v5u) to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather |
揃える [そろえる] (v1) to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready |
| 揃う [そろう] (v5u) to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather |
揃える [そろえる] (v1) to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready |
| 平らぐ [たいらぐ] (v5g) to be suppressed |
平らげる [たいらげる] (v1) to subjugate; to put down (trouble); to consume (food); to eat up |
| 立つ [たつ] (v5t) to stand |
立てる [たてる] (v1) to stand (something) up; to erect (something) |
| 縮む [ちぢむ] (v5m) to shrink; to be contracted |
縮める [ちぢめる] (v1) to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink |
| 付く [つく] (v5k,vi) to adjoin; to be attached; to adhere; to be connected with; to be dyed; to be stained; to be scarred; to be recorded; to start (fires); to follow; to become allied to; to accompany; to study with; to increase; to be added to |
付ける [つける] (v1,vt) (1) to attach; to join; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); (2) to furnish (a house with); (3) to wear; to put on; (4) to keep a diary; to make an entry; (5) to appraise; to set (a price); (6) to bring alongside; (7) to place (under guard or doctor); (8) to follow; to shadow; (9) to load; to give (courage to); (10) to keep (an eye on); (11) to establish (relations or understanding) |
| 続く [つづく] (v5k,vi) to be continued |
続ける [つづける] (v1,vt) to continue; to keep up; to keep on |
| 退く [どく] (v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw |
退ける [どける] (v1) to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way |
| 届く [とどく] (v5k,vi) to reach |
届ける [とどける] (v1) to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to file notice (to the authorities) |
| 整う [ととのう] (v5u) to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be arranged |
整える [ととのえる] (v1) (1) to put in order; to arrange; to adjust; (2) to get ready; to prepare; (3) to raise money |
| 間違う [まちがう] (v5u) to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken |
間違える [まちがえる] (v1) to err; to make a mistake |
| 温む [ぬるむ] (v5m) to cool off; to become tepid |
温める [ぬるめる] (v1) to cool something down (e.g. by adding water) |
| 退く [のく] (v5k,vi) (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw |
退ける [のける] (v1) to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way |
| 向く [むく] (v5k) (1) to face; (2) to turn toward; (3) to be suited to; to be fit for 向かう [むかう] (v5u) (1) to face; (2) to go towards |
向ける [むける] (v1) to turn towards; to point |
| 止む [やむ] (v5m,vi) to cease; to stop; to be over |
止める [やめる] (v1,vt) to end; to stop; to cease; to resign |
| 苦しむ [くるしむ] (v5m) to suffer; to groan; to be worried |
苦しめる [くるしめる] (v1) to torment; to harass; to inflict pain |
| 和らぐ [やわらぐ] (v5g) to soften; to calm down; to be mitigated |
和らげる [やわらげる] (v1) to soften; to moderate; to relieve |
| 緩む [ゆるむ] (v5m) to become loose; to slacken |
緩める [ゆるめる] (v1) to loosen; to slow down |
| 竦む [すくむ] (v5m) to cower; to be cramped |
竦める [すくめる] (v1) to shrug (shoulders); to duck (head); to draw back (body) |
| 並ぶ [ならぶ] (v5b,vi) to line up; to stand in a line |
並べる [ならべる] (v1,vt) to line up; to set up |
| 延びる [のびる] (v1,vi) (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted; (6) to be postponed; to be prolonged |
延べる [のべる] (v1) to make (bed); to stretch; to widen |
| 混じる [まじる] (v5r,vi) to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest; to join |
混ぜる [まぜる] (v1) to mix; to stir |
In the next table the transitive verbs all end in す. Many of these see an intransitive/transitive pattern of eru-asu: (ける→かす, れる→らす etc.)
| INTRANSITIVE | TRANSITIVE |
| 出る [でる] (v1) to appear; to come forth; to leave |
出す [だす] (v5s) (1) to take out; to get out; (2) to put out; (3) to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; (4) to publish; to make public; (5) to send (e.g. letter); to start (fire) |
| 冷める [さめる] (v1) to become cool; to wear off; to abate; to subside; to dampen; to cool down (interest); to come down (fever) |
冷ます [さます] (v5s,vt) to cool; to dampen; to let cool; to throw a damper on; to spoil |
| 覚める,醒める [さめる] to wake; to wake up |
覚ます,醒ます [さます] (v5s) (1) to awaken; (2) to disabuse; (3) to sober up |
| 溶ける [とける] (v1,vi) to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve |
溶かす [とかす] (v5s,vt) to melt; to dissolve |
| 生きる [いきる] (v1) to live; to exist |
生かす [いかす] (v5s) to revive; to resuscitate; to make use of |
| 潤ける [ふやける] (v1) (uk) to become sodden; to swell up |
ふやかす (v5s) to soak; to steep; to macerate |
| 枯れる [かれる] (v1) to wither; to die (plant); to be blasted (plant) |
枯らす [からす] (v5s) to let dry; to kill (vegetation) to season (lumber) |
| 明ける [あける] (v1) to dawn; to become daylight |
明かす [あかす] (v5s) to pass; spend; to reveal; to divulge |
| 懲りる [こりる] (v1) to learn by experience; to be disgusted with |
懲らす [こらす] (v5s) to chastise; to punish; to discipline |
| 伸びる,延びる [のびる] (v1,vi) (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted |
伸ばす,延ばす [のばす] (v5s,vt) to lengthen; to stretch; to reach out; to postpone; to prolong; to extend; to grow (beard) |
| 慣れる [なれる] (v1) to grow accustomed to; to become domesticated; to become tame; to get too familiar with |
慣らす [ならす] (v5s) to accustom |
| 揺れる [ゆれる] (v1) to shake; to sway |
揺らす [ゆらす] (v5s) to rock; to shake; to swing |
| 切れる [きれる] (v1) (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind |
切らす [きらす] (v5s) to be out of; to run out of; to be short of; to be out of stock |
| 捏ねる [こねる] (v1) to knead; to mix with fingers |
熟す [こなす] (v5s) to break to pieces; to digest; to handle easily |
| 逃げる [にげる] (v1) to escape; to run away |
逃がす [にがす] (v5s) to let loose; to set free; to let escape |
| 漏れる [もれる] (v1) to leak out; to escape; to come through; to shine through; to filter out; to be omitted |
漏らす [もらす] (v5s) to let leak; to reveal |
| 焦げる [こげる] (v1,vi) to burn; to be burned |
焦がす [こがす] (v5s) to burn; to scorch; to singe; to char |
| 焦れる [じれる] (v1) to get impatient; to become irritated; to fret; to chafe |
焦らす [じらす] (v5s) (uk) to irritate |
| 滑れる [ずれる] (v1) (uk) to slide; to slip off |
ずらす (v5s) to put off; to delay |
| 暮れる [くれる] (v1) to get dark; to end; to come to an end; to close; to run out |
暮らす [くらす] (v5s) to live; to get along |
| 満ちる [みちる] (v1) to be full; to rise (tide); to mature; to expire |
満たす [みたす] (v5s) (1) to fill (e.g. a cup); (2) to satisfy; to ingratiate; to fulfill |
| 晴れる [はれる] (v1) to be sunny; to clear away; to stop raining |
晴らす [はらす] (v5s) to dispel; to clear away; to refresh (oneself) |
| 暈ける [ぼける] (v1) to grow senile; to fade (colour, color) |
暈す [ぼかす] (v5s) to shade off; to obscure |
| 負ける [まける] (v1) to lose; to be defeated |
負かす [まかす] (v5s) to defeat |
| 戯れる [じゃれる] (v1) (1) to be playful; to gambol; to be amused (with something); to play; to sport; to frolic; to joke; (2) to flirt with |
戯かす [じゃらかす] (v5s) to call for jokes |
| 震える [ふるえる] (v1) to shiver; to shake; to quake |
震わせる [ふるわせる] (v1) to be shaking; to be trembling |
| 遅れる [おくれる] (v1) to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind schedule; to be overdue |
遅らす [おくらす] (v5s) to retard; to delay |
| 溺れる [おぼれる] (v1) to be drowned; to indulge in |
溺らす [おぼらす] (v5s) (1) to drown; (2) to cause to be indulged or addicted |
| 荒れる [あれる] (v1) to be stormy; to be rough; to lose one's temper |
荒らす [あらす] (v5s) (1) to lay waste; to devastate; to damage; (2) to invade; to break into |
| 飽きる [あきる] (v1) to get tired of; to lose interest in; to have enough |
飽かす [あかす] (v5s) to glut; to satiate; to weary; to tire; to bore; to weary |
| 冷える [ひえる] (v1,vi) to grow cold; to get chilly; to cool down |
冷やす [ひやす] (v5s,vt) to cool; to refrigerate |
| 増える [ふえる] (v1,vi) to increase; to multiply |
増やす [ふやす] (v5s,vt) to increase; to add to; to augment |
| 癒える [いえる] (v1) to recover; to be healed |
癒す [いやす] (v5s) to heal; to cure |
| 費える [ついえる] (v1) to collapse |
費やす [ついやす] (v5s) to spend; to devote; to waste |
| 肥える [こえる] (v1) (1) to grow fat; to grow fertile; (2) to have good taste |
肥やす [こやす] (v5s) to fertilize; to fertilise; to manure; to enrich |
| 燃える [もえる] (v1) to burn |
燃やす [もやす] (v5s) to burn |
| 起きる [おきる] (v1) (1) to get up; to rise; (2) to wake up; (3) to occur; to happen; to take place 起こる [おこる] (v5r) to occur; to happen |
起こす [おこす] (v5s) to raise; to cause; to wake someone |
| 落ちる [おちる] (v1) (1) to fall down; to drop; (2) to fail (e.g. exam); (3) to crash; to degenerate; to degrade |
落とす [おとす] (v5s) to drop; to lose; to let fall |
| 下りる [おりる] (v1) to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain) |
下ろす [おろす] (v5s) to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge |
| 降りる [おりる] (v1) to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain) |
降ろす [おろす] (v5s) to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge |
| 干る [ひる] (v1) to dry |
干す [ほす] (v5s,vt) to air; to dry; to desiccate; to drain (off); to drink up |
| 消える [きえる] (v1) to go out; to vanish; to disappear |
消す [けす] (v5s) (1) to erase; to delete; (2) to turn off power; (3) to bump off (sl) |
| 越える [こえる] (v1) to exceed; to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to pass over (out of) |
越す [こす] (v5s) (1) to cross over (e.g. mountain); to go across; (2) to go over (e.g. with audience); (3) to pass (time, e.g. a winter); (4) to surpass; to be better than; (5) to move house |
| 寝る [ねる] (v1) to go to bed; to lie down; to sleep |
寝かす [ねかす] (v5s) to put to sleep; to lay (something) on its side |
| 汚れる [けがれる] (v1) to get dirty; to become dirty |
汚す [けがす] (v5s) (1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain |
| 壊れる [こわれる] (v1,vi) to be broken; to break |
壊す [こわす] (v5s,vt) to break; to break down |
| 隠れる [かくれる] (v1,vi) to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear |
隠す [かくす] (v5s,vt) to hide; to conceal |
| 崩れる [くずれる] (v1) to collapse; to crumble |
崩す [くずす] (v5s) to destroy; to pull down; to make change (money) |
| 倒れる [たおれる] (v1,vi) to collapse; to break down; to go bankrupt; to fall; to drop; to die; to succumb to; to fall senseless; to be ruined; to have a bad debt |
倒す [たおす] (v5s,vt) to throw down; to beat; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to trip up; to defeat; to ruin; to overthrow; to kill; to leave unpaid; to cheat |
| 離れる [はなれる] (v1) to be separated from; to leave; to go away; to be a long way off |
離す [はなす] (v5s) to part; to divide; to separate |
| 現れる [あらわれる] (v1) (1) to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to come out; to embody; to materialize; to materialise; (2) to express oneself |
現す [あらわす] (v5s) to show; to indicate; to display |
| 零れる [こぼれる] (v1,vi) to overflow; to spill |
零す [こぼす] (v5s,vt) to spill |
| 流れる [ながれる] (v1) to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink); to be washed away |
流す [ながす] (v5s) to drain; to float; to shed (blood, tears); to cruise (e.g. taxi) |
| 解れる [ほぐれる] (v1) to come untied; to come apart |
解ぐす [ほぐす] (v5s) to unfasten |
| 穢れる [けがれる] (v1) to get dirty; to become dirty |
穢す [けがす] (v5s) (1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain |
| 逃れる [のがれる] (v1) to escape |
逃す [のがす] (v5s) to let loose; to set free; to let escape |
| 乱れる [みだれる] (v1) to get confused; to be disordered; to be disturbed |
乱す [みだす] (v5s) to throw out of order; to disarrange; to disturb |
| 潰れる [つぶれる] (v1) to be smashed; to go bankrupt |
潰す [つぶす] (v5s) to smash; to waste |
| 乾く [かわく] (v5k,vi) to get dry |
乾かす [かわかす] (v5s,vt) to dry (clothes, etc.); to desiccate |
| 驚く [おどろく] (v5k) to be surprised; to be astonished |
驚かす [おどろかす] (v5s) to surprise; to frighten; to create a stir |
| 照る [てる] (v5r,vi) to shine |
照らす [てらす] (v5s) to shine on; to illuminate |
| 凝る [こる] (v5r) to grow stiff; to be absorbed in; to be devoted to; to be a fanatic; to elaborate |
凝らす [こらす] (v5s) to concentrate; to devote; to apply; to strain; to rack |
| 減る [へる] (v5r,vi) to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate |
減らす [へらす] (v5s,vt) to abate; to decrease; to diminish; to shorten |
| 交う [かう] (v5u) to take turns; to mingle together |
交わす [かわす] (v5s) to exchange (messages); to dodge; to parry; to avoid; to turn aside |
| 飛ぶ [とぶ] (v5b) to jump; to fly; to leap; to spring; to bound; to hop |
飛ばす [とばす] (v5s) to skip over; to omit |
| 動く [うごく] (v5k,vi) to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing; to operate; to run; to go; to work; to be touched; to be influenced; to waver; to fluctuate; to vary; to change; to be transferred |
動かす [うごかす] (v5s,vt) to move; to shift; to set in motion; to operate; to inspire; to rouse; to influence; to mobilize; to mobilise; to deny; to change |
| 凝る [こごる] (v5r) to congeal; to freeze |
凝らす [こごらす] (v5s,vt) to freeze; to congeal |
| 燻ぶる [いぶる] (v5r) to smoke; to smoulder; to smolder; to sputter |
燻す [いぶす] (v5s,vt) (1) to smoke (something); to fumigate; (2) to oxidize; to oxidise |
| 転がる [ころがる] (v5r) to roll; to tumble |
転がす [ころがす] (v5s,vt) to roll |
| 舞う [まう] (v5u,vi) to dance; to flutter about; to revolve 回る [まわる] (v5r) (1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places |
回す [まわす] (v5s) to turn; to revolve |
| 沸く [わく] (v5k) to boil; to grow hot; to get excited; to gush forth |
沸かす [わかす] (v5s,vt) to boil; to heat |
| 鳴る [なる] (v5r) to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble |
鳴らす [ならす] (v5s,vt) to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose) |
| 脱ぐ [ぬぐ] (v5g) to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress |
脱がす [ぬがす] (v5s) to strip someone; to help someone remove (clothes) |
| 浮く [うく] (v5k) to float; to become merry; to become loose |
浮かす [うかす] (v5s) to raise; to rise |
| 及ぶ [およぶ] (v5b) to reach; to come up to; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend; to match; to equal |
及ぼす [およぼす] (v5s) to exert; to cause; to exercise |
| 遊ぶ [あそぶ] (v5b) (1) to play; to make a visit (esp. for pleasure); (2) to be idle; to do nothing |
遊ばす [あそばす] (v5s) to let one play; to leave idle; to do (polite) |
| 散る [ちる] (v5r) to fall; to scatter (e.g. blossoms) |
散らす [ちらす] (v5s) to scatter; to disperse; to distribute |
| 曇る [くもる] (v5r) to become cloudy; to become dim |
曇らす [くもらす] (v5s) to encloud; to make dim or dull; to frown |
| 反る [そる] (v5r) (1) to warp; to be warped; to curve; to be curved; to be arched; (2) to bend (backward) |
反らす [そらす] (v5s,vt) to bend; to warp; to curve |
| 尽くす [つくす] (v5s) (1) to exhaust; to run out; (2) to devote; to serve (a person); to befriend |
尽かす [つかす] (v5s) to be disgusted with; to give up on |
| 成る [なる] (v5r) (uk) to become |
成す [なす] (v5s) to perform; to accomplish |
| 通る [とおる] (v5r) to pass (by); to go through; to walk along; to pass exams |
通す [とおす] (v5s) to let pass; to overlook; to continue; to keep; to make way for; to persist in |
| 直る,治る [なおる] (v5r,vi) (1) to be cured; to get well; to be healed; (2) to get mended; to be repaired; to be fixed |
直す,治す [なおす] (v5s,vt) (1) to cure; to heal; (2) to fix; to correct; to repair |
| 返る [かえる] (v5r) to return; to come back; to go back |
返す [かえす] (v5s,vt) to return something |
| 帰る [かえる] (v5r) to go back; to go home; to come home; to return |
帰す,還す [かえす] (v5s) to send back |
| 残る [のこる] (v5r) to remain; to be left |
残す [のこす] (v5s) to leave (behind, over); to bequeath; to save; to reserve |
| 下る,降る [くだる] (v5r) to get down; to descend |
下す,降す [くだす] (v5s) to lower; to let go down |
| 来る [きたる] (v5r) to come; to arrive; to be due to; to be next; to be forthcoming |
来す [きたす] (v5s) to cause; to induce; to bring about a result or state; to produce |
| 浸る [ひたる] (v5r) to be soaked in; to be flooded |
浸す [ひたす] (v5s) to soak; to dip; to drench |
| 被る [かぶる] (v5r) to wear; to put on (head); to pour or dash water (on oneself) |
被す [かぶす] (v5s) to cover (with something) also 被せる [かぶせる] |
| 散らかる [ちらかる] (v5r) to be in disorder; to lie scattered around |
散らかす [ちらかす] (v5s) to scatter around; to leave untidy |
| 乗る [のる] (v5r) (1) to get on; to ride in; to board; to mount; to get up on; (2) to spread (paints); to be taken in; (3) to share in; to join; to be found in (a dictionary); to feel like doing; to be mentioned in; to be in harmony with |
乗す [のす] (v5s) to place on (something); to take on board; to give a ride to 乗せる [のせる] (v1) to place on (something); to take on board; etc. |
| 寄る [よる] (v5r) to visit; to drop in; to approach |
寄す [よす] (v5s) (arch) to bring near; to put close; to let come near |
| 足る [たる] (v5r) to be sufficient; to be enough |
足す [たす] (v5s) (1) to add (numbers); (2) to do (e.g. one's business) |
| 濁る [にごる] (v5r) to become muddy; to get impure |
濁す [にごす] (v5s) to make muddy; to prevaricate |
| 戻る [もどる] (v5r) to turn back; to return |
戻す [もどす] (v5s) to restore; to put back; to return |
| 借る [かる] (v5r) to borrow; to have a loan; to hire; to rent; to buy on credit |
貸す [かす] (v5s) to lend |
| 渡る [わたる] (v5r) to cross over; to go across |
渡す [わたす] (v5s) to pass over; to hand over |
| 移る [うつる] (v5r) (1) to move (house); to transfer (department); (2) to be infected; to be contagious |
移す [うつす] (v5s) to remove; to transfer; to infect |
| 映る [うつる] (v5r) to be reflected; to harmonize with; to harmonise with; to come out (photo) |
映す [うつす] (v5s) to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow) |
| 写る [うつる] (v5r) to be photographed; to be projected |
写す [うつす] to film; to transcribe; to duplicate; to reproduce; to trace; to describe; to picture; to photograph; to imitate |
| 余る [あまる] (v5r) to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many |
余す [あます] (v5s) to save; to leave over; to spare |
| 過ぎる [すぎる] (v1,vi) to pass; to go beyond; to elapse; to exceed |
過ごす [すごす] (v5s,vt) to pass; to spend; to go through; to tide over |
| 無くなる [なくなる] (v5r) to disappear; to get lost |
無くす [なくす] (v5s) (1) to lose something; (2) to get rid of |
| 悩む [なやむ] (v5m) to be worried; to be troubled |
悩ます [なやます] (v5s) to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest |
| 済む [すむ] (v5m) to finish; to end; to be completed |
済ます [すます] (v5s) (1) to finish; to get it over with; to conclude; (2) to settle; to pay back; (3) to get along (without something) |
| 澄む,清む [すむ] (v5m) to clear (e.g. weather); to become transparent |
澄ます,清ます [すます] (v5s) to clear; to make clear; to be unruffled; to look unconcerned; to look demure; to look prim; to put on airs |
| 外れる [はずれる] (v1,vi) to be disconnected; to get out of place; to be off; to be out (e.g. of gear) |
外す [はずす] (v5s) (1) to unfasten; (2) to remove; (3) to bump off (sl) |
The final table contains pairs that don't seem to fit into the above categories.
| TRANSITIVE | INTRANSITIVE |
| 生む [うむ] (v5m) to give birth; to deliver; to produce |
生まれる [うまれる] (v1) to be born |
| 浴びせる [あびせる] (v1) to pour on |
浴びる [あびる] (v1) to bathe; to bask in the sun; to shower |
| 寄せる [よせる] (v1) (1) to come near; to let someone approach; (2) to collect; to gather; to add; to put aside |
寄る [よる] (v5r) to visit; to drop in; to approach |
Jim Breen
May 2005
Jim Breen's Home Page and Japanese Page.